South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology : Query result

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₁ʔäń

Meaning : 1 to know 2 to think

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ǂeńn, ǂenńa 1 (B.); ǂẽ̄ 2 (B.); ǂĕn̄́n̄, ǂĕńnǂĕńn, ǂĕńnă, ǂĕn̄-nă, ǂăn̄́nă 1 (Ll.)

//Ng : ǂẽ 2

N|huki : ǂ`ĩ, ŋǂ`iĩ, ŋǂ`eẽ 2

#Khomani : ǂʔĩ "thoughts" (Mg.)

|Nusan : ǂan 1

References : Bleek 641, 642, 643; \X<1.144>NFn; Maingard\x 243.

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₁ʔVrV (*ƛ-?)

Meaning : moon

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !kau!káuru, !ka!káuru, !ka!kárro (B.); !kau!kárro (Ll.)

//Ng : !korre, !kurru, turro

N|huki : ǂoro, ǂǝlu

#Khomani : ǂʔɔrɔ (Dk.)

//Kxau : ǂʔọ'rọ̄'

//Ku//e : tʔɔlo

//Xegwi (Batwa) : klolo; ƛolo (LH)

Notes : Batwa klolo and the Kxau and ||Ku||e forms represent an initial lateral ƛ-; whether this corresponds to the |Xam form is unclear.

References : Bleek 94, 207, 242, 417, 419, 440, 443, 454, 675; LHb 48; Meinhof 1929: 186; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₁a(u)

Meaning : earth, sand

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !(k)ãũ, !kãũ, !ãũ (B.); !kʔăũ (Ll.)

//Ng : !ʔãũ

N|huki : !ʔǝ̃õ, !ʔǝ̃ũ, ŋ̊!ʔǝ̃ũ

//Kxau : !ʔau, !ʔãũ, !ʔauṅ "earth, veld"

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||kwālo "ground"

|Auni : !ãũ "dust"; !gʔa "ground" (?)

|Nusan : !oũ

References : Bleek 372, 374, 412, 441, 452, 491, 586, 592, 597, 637, 649; Meinhof 1929: 185; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₁ha-

Meaning : child

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !koá, !koã, !kwã̄, !kwã, !khwã̄, !khukǝn, pl. !áukǝn, !káukǝn (B.); !kū^ŋ, !kũ, !khwã̄, pl. !kaŭ́kǝn (Ll.)

//Kxau : !oṅ

Seroa : ǂhowa, pl. ǂhoaiku

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||ale, pl. ||kolle

|Auni : -||ha, ||hasa, pl. =||ka, ||ka||kn; ||hãĩ, ||heĩ "baby"

|Haasi : ||ha=sa, ||uha=sa

Notes : The plural forms actually have a suppletive look to them. Cf. the differences in vocalism (|Xam !koa sg. - ![k]au- pl.), with no labialisation in the |Xam plural form; and the efflux opposition in ||Xegwi ||a- - ||ko-, |Auni ||ha - ||ka. Since, however, there is no external data to justify this opposition (not even in the Taa subgroup), the question will have to remain unresolved.

References : Bleek 372, 414, 430, 431, 437, 442, 447, 458, 516, 539, 540, 546, 566, 586, 627, 651.

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₂(ʔ)U

Meaning : one

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !kwāï (B.); !oāí, !o̥ā́ï "alone" (B.); tʔ¹koai (Lich.); !kwāi, !kwʔāi (Ll.)

//Ng : ||koēnso, ||kwē, ||ʔwē

N|huki : ||ʔoe, ŋ̊||ʔoe

#Khomani : ||koe (Mg.)

//Kxau : ʔọẹ̄

//Ku//e : ||k"oa

Seroa : ||oai

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||kā; !waa (LH)

|Auni : ǂũ, =ǂũ-u

|Haasi : ǂ=n kʔa "one alone"

References : Bleek 318, 459, 547, 584, 599, 606, 625, 630, 676; LHa 117; Maingard 240; <1.248>Meinhof 1929: 185; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₂he-

Meaning : breast; milk

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !khweí, emph. !khweĭ́tǝn "breast", pl. !kwái!kwai (B.); !khwai (Ll.)

//Ng : ||kẽ̄, ||kē "breasts, udders"; ||kēgǝn, ||kēŋ "milk"

N|huki : ||hǝ̃ĩ, ||ǝ̃ĩ "breast"; ||hǝi-kje "milk"

//Ku//e : ||kwaŋ "milk"

|Auni : ||keĩsi "breast"

|Haasi : ǂgē "milk"

|Nusan : !koadden "milk"

Notes : It is unclear if the |Xam alternation !khwei/!k(h)wai is a genuine morphological alternation or completely fictitious. The other languages do seem to be reflecting an a-tinged (||kwaŋ, !koa-dden) as well as an e-tinged (||keĩsi) variant, but this is not decisive evidence.

References : Bleek 438, 460, 499, 567, 568, 570, 597, 632, 646, 679; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₂o (*ǂ₁-)

Meaning : man, male

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !kõ "man" (?)

//Ng : !ko "man, husband"; !ō "man"

N|huki : ǂoo

#Khomani : ǂkō, ǂkōce (Mg.)

//Kxau : ǂọ̄

//Ku//e : tʔo

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||ko; kwi-ƛʔoo (LH)

References : Bleek 206, 436, 489, 582, 662; Maingard 239; Meinhof 1929: 186; NFn.

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